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Evidence worth finding again

Detailed walkthroughs of selected new studies, alongside a concise, topic-led collection of the papers, guidelines and reviews that have shaped liver critical care.

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Latest Evidence Deep Dive

Detailed study walkthrough · newest first

Acute-on-chronic liver failure

Plasma exchange in ACLF: a real 28-day signal that does not survive to 90 days

A 194-patient randomised trial found that a strategy of five planned sessions of standard-volume therapeutic plasma exchange reduced 28-day mortality by 19.6 percentage points. The difference was no longer evident at 90 days, 42% did not complete all five sessions, and the cohort did not include patients with active infection, haemodynamic instability or respiratory organ failure.

Hepatology30 Mar 2026

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All topics61 Acute-on-chronic liver failure25 Acute liver failure8 Decompensated cirrhosis27 Alcohol-associated hepatitis4 Post-hepatectomy liver failure3 Cirrhosis and non-hepatic surgery4 Encephalopathy and cerebral complications4 AKI and hepatorenal syndrome8 Infection and sepsis4 Portal hypertension and variceal bleeding7 Haemostasis and thrombosis2 Transplantation and peri-transplant care14 Organ support and extracorporeal therapies15 Prognostication and ICU decision-making25

Essential reading

Key papers

A concise, topic-led collection of landmark studies, guidelines and reviews. Links open the original source.

Acute-on-chronic liver failure

A global consensus on the critical care management of acute-on-chronic liver failure patients: the APASL ACLF Beijing Position Paper
Chen T, Choudhury A, Liu W, et al.; APASL-ACLF Research Consortium
Hepatology International30 Jul 2026Guideline or consensus
Improving outcomes in donation after circulatory death vs. donation after brain death liver transplantation for acute-on-chronic liver failure
Yao YY, Wen T, Tjandra NW, Lau K, Lin YC, Chen X, Chahal D
Transplant International21 Aug 2026Original research
Development and validation of the A-TANGO organ failure score for acute-on-chronic liver failure in global cohorts
Engelmann C, Verma N, Qi T, et al.
Journal of Hepatology20 Feb 2026Original research
Therapeutic plasma exchange improves short-term survival in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure: a randomized controlled trial
Swaroop S, Biswas S, Aggarwal A, et al.
Hepatology30 Mar 2026Original research
Factors Associated with Survival of Patients With Severe Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure Before and After Liver Transplantation
Sundaram V, et al.
Gastroenterology1 Apr 2019Original research
Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: Revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites
Angeli P, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Apr 2015Guideline or consensus
Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL): an update
Sarin SK, et al.
Hepatology International1 Jul 2019Guideline or consensus
Clinical Course of acute-on-chronic liver failure syndrome and effects on prognosis
Gustot T, et al.
Hepatology1 Jul 2015Landmark study
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to treat acute-on-chronic liver failure: A multicenter randomized trial (GRAFT study)
Engelmann C, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Dec 2021Landmark study
Liver transplantation for critically ill cirrhotic patients: Stratifying utility based on pretransplant factors
Artzner T, et al.
American Journal of Transplantation1 Sept 2020Original research
Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis
Moreau R, et al.
Gastroenterology1 Jun 2013Landmark study
The PREDICT study uncovers three clinical courses of acutely decompensated cirrhosis that have distinct pathophysiology
Trebicka J, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Oct 2020Landmark study
EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on acute-on-chronic liver failure
European Association for the Study of the Liver
Journal of Hepatology1 Aug 2023Guideline or consensus
AASLD Practice Guidance on Acute-on-chronic liver failure and the management of critically ill patients with cirrhosis
Karvellas CJ, et al.
Hepatology1 Jun 2024Guideline or consensus
Liver transplantation in the most severely ill cirrhotic patients: A multicenter study in acute-on-chronic liver failure grade 3
Artru F, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Oct 2017Landmark study
Liver transplantation for patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) in Europe: Results of the ELITA/EF-CLIF collaborative study (ECLIS)
Belli LS, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Sept 2021Landmark study
Extracorporeal albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system in acute-on-chronic liver failure: the RELIEF trial
Bañares R, et al.
Hepatology1 Mar 2013Landmark study
Effects of fractionated plasma separation and adsorption on survival in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure
Kribben A, et al.
Gastroenterology1 Apr 2012Landmark study
Acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) and International Club of Ascites (ICA) joint multidisciplinary consensus meeting
Nadim MK, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Jul 2024Guideline or consensus
Terlipressin Is Superior to Noradrenaline in the Management of Acute Kidney Injury in Acute on Chronic Liver Failure
Arora V, et al.
Hepatology1 Feb 2020Landmark study
Epidemiology and Effects of Bacterial Infections in Patients With Cirrhosis Worldwide
Piano S, et al.
Gastroenterology1 Apr 2019Original research
Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and with acute-on-chronic liver failure in Europe
Fernández J, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Mar 2019Original research
Development and validation of a prognostic score to predict mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure
Jalan R, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Nov 2014Landmark study
Validation of CLIF-C ACLF score to define a threshold for futility of intensive care support for patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure
Engelmann C, et al.
Critical Care10 Oct 2018Original research

Acute liver failure

Arterial ammonia and clinical risk factors for encephalopathy and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure
Bernal W, et al.
Hepatology1 Dec 2007Landmark study
A multicentre randomized controlled trial of moderate hypothermia to prevent intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure
Bernal W, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Aug 2016Landmark study
Acute Liver Failure Guidelines
Shingina A, et al.
American Journal of Gastroenterology1 Jul 2023Guideline or consensus
Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure
O'Grady JG, et al.
Gastroenterology1 Aug 1989Landmark study
Intravenous N-acetylcysteine improves transplant-free survival in early stage non-acetaminophen acute liver failure
Lee WM, et al.
Gastroenterology1 Sept 2009Landmark study
High-volume plasma exchange in patients with acute liver failure: An open randomised controlled trial
Larsen FS, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Jan 2016Landmark study
EASL Clinical Practical Guidelines on the management of acute (fulminant) liver failure
European Association for the Study of the Liver
Journal of Hepatology1 May 2017Guideline or consensus
Continuous renal replacement therapy is associated with reduced serum ammonia levels and mortality in acute liver failure
Cardoso FS, et al.
Hepatology1 Feb 2018Original research

Decompensated cirrhosis

Development and validation of the A-TANGO organ failure score for acute-on-chronic liver failure in global cohorts
Engelmann C, Verma N, Qi T, et al.
Journal of Hepatology20 Feb 2026Original research
AASLD Practice Guidance on risk stratification and management of portal hypertension and varices in cirrhosis
Kaplan DE, et al.
Hepatology1 May 2024Guideline or consensus
MELD 3.0: The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Updated for the Modern Era
Kim WR, et al.
Gastroenterology1 Dec 2021Landmark study
Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: Revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites
Angeli P, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Apr 2015Guideline or consensus
Clinical Course of acute-on-chronic liver failure syndrome and effects on prognosis
Gustot T, et al.
Hepatology1 Jul 2015Landmark study
β blockers to prevent decompensation of cirrhosis in patients with clinically significant portal hypertension (PREDESCI): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial
Villanueva C, et al.
The Lancet20 Apr 2019Landmark study
Kidney biomarkers and differential diagnosis of patients with cirrhosis and acute kidney injury
Belcher JM, et al.
Hepatology1 Aug 2014Original research
Esophageal balloon tamponade versus esophageal stent in controlling acute refractory variceal bleeding: A multicenter randomized, controlled trial
Escorsell A, et al.
Hepatology1 Jun 2016Landmark study
Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis
Moreau R, et al.
Gastroenterology1 Jun 2013Landmark study
The PREDICT study uncovers three clinical courses of acutely decompensated cirrhosis that have distinct pathophysiology
Trebicka J, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Oct 2020Landmark study
EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on acute-on-chronic liver failure
European Association for the Study of the Liver
Journal of Hepatology1 Aug 2023Guideline or consensus
AASLD Practice Guidance on Acute-on-chronic liver failure and the management of critically ill patients with cirrhosis
Karvellas CJ, et al.
Hepatology1 Jun 2024Guideline or consensus
A Randomized Trial of Albumin Infusions in Hospitalized Patients with Cirrhosis
China L, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine4 Mar 2021Landmark study
Acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) and International Club of Ascites (ICA) joint multidisciplinary consensus meeting
Nadim MK, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Jul 2024Guideline or consensus
Terlipressin plus Albumin for the Treatment of Type 1 Hepatorenal Syndrome
Wong F, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine4 Mar 2021Landmark study
Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Sort P, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine5 Aug 1999Landmark study
Epidemiology and Effects of Bacterial Infections in Patients With Cirrhosis Worldwide
Piano S, et al.
Gastroenterology1 Apr 2019Original research
Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and with acute-on-chronic liver failure in Europe
Fernández J, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Mar 2019Original research
Baveno VIII – Advancing Consensus in Portal Hypertension
Baveno VIII Faculty
Journal of Hepatology19 Aug 2026Guideline or consensus
Early use of TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding
García-Pagán JC, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine24 Jun 2010Landmark study
Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Villanueva C, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine3 Jan 2013Landmark study
Thrombelastography-guided blood product use before invasive procedures in cirrhosis with severe coagulopathy: A randomized, controlled trial
De Pietri L, et al.
Hepatology1 Feb 2016Landmark study
Rebalanced hemostasis in patients with liver disease: evidence and clinical consequences
Lisman T, Porte RJ
Blood12 Aug 2010Review
A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease
Kamath PS, et al.
Hepatology1 Feb 2001Landmark study
The Royal Free Hospital score: a calibrated prognostic model for patients with cirrhosis admitted to intensive care unit. Comparison with current models and CLIF-SOFA score
Theocharidou E, et al.
American Journal of Gastroenterology1 Apr 2014Landmark study
Rifaximin treatment in hepatic encephalopathy
Bass NM, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine25 Mar 2010Landmark study

Alcohol-associated hepatitis

Outcomes of Early Liver Transplantation for Patients With Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis
Lee BP, et al.
Gastroenterology1 Aug 2018Landmark study
Early liver transplantation for severe alcoholic hepatitis
Mathurin P, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine10 Nov 2011Landmark study
Prednisolone or pentoxifylline for alcoholic hepatitis
Thursz MR, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine23 Apr 2015Landmark study
The Lille model: a new tool for therapeutic strategy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with steroids
Louvet A, et al.
Hepatology1 Jun 2007Landmark study

Post-hepatectomy liver failure

Posthepatectomy liver failure: a definition and grading by the International Study Group of Liver Surgery (ISGLS)
Rahbari NN, et al.
Surgery1 May 2011Guideline or consensus
The "50-50 criteria" on postoperative day 5: an accurate predictor of liver failure and death after hepatectomy
Balzan S, et al.
Annals of Surgery1 Dec 2005Landmark study
Hepatic insufficiency and mortality in 1,059 noncirrhotic patients undergoing major hepatectomy
Mullen JT, et al.
Journal of the American College of Surgeons1 May 2007Landmark study

Cirrhosis and non-hepatic surgery

Risk factors for mortality after surgery in patients with cirrhosis
Teh SH, Nagorney DM, Stevens SR, et al.
Gastroenterology1 Apr 2007Landmark study
Risk Prediction Models for Post-Operative Mortality in Patients With Cirrhosis
Mahmud N, Fricker Z, Hubbard RA, et al.
Hepatology1 Jan 2021Landmark study
The prognostic role of hepatic venous pressure gradient in cirrhotic patients undergoing elective extrahepatic surgery
Reverter E, Cirera I, Albillos A, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Nov 2019Landmark study
External Validation of the VOCAL-Penn Cirrhosis Surgical Risk Score in 2 Large, Independent Health Systems
Mahmud N, Fricker Z, Panchal S, et al.
Liver Transplantation1 Jul 2021Original research

Encephalopathy and cerebral complications

Arterial ammonia and clinical risk factors for encephalopathy and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure
Bernal W, et al.
Hepatology1 Dec 2007Landmark study
A multicentre randomized controlled trial of moderate hypothermia to prevent intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure
Bernal W, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Aug 2016Landmark study
Continuous renal replacement therapy is associated with reduced serum ammonia levels and mortality in acute liver failure
Cardoso FS, et al.
Hepatology1 Feb 2018Original research
Rifaximin treatment in hepatic encephalopathy
Bass NM, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine25 Mar 2010Landmark study

AKI and hepatorenal syndrome

Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: Revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites
Angeli P, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Apr 2015Guideline or consensus
Kidney biomarkers and differential diagnosis of patients with cirrhosis and acute kidney injury
Belcher JM, et al.
Hepatology1 Aug 2014Original research
A Randomized Trial of Albumin Infusions in Hospitalized Patients with Cirrhosis
China L, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine4 Mar 2021Landmark study
Continuous renal replacement therapy is associated with reduced serum ammonia levels and mortality in acute liver failure
Cardoso FS, et al.
Hepatology1 Feb 2018Original research
Acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) and International Club of Ascites (ICA) joint multidisciplinary consensus meeting
Nadim MK, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Jul 2024Guideline or consensus
Terlipressin plus Albumin for the Treatment of Type 1 Hepatorenal Syndrome
Wong F, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine4 Mar 2021Landmark study
Terlipressin Is Superior to Noradrenaline in the Management of Acute Kidney Injury in Acute on Chronic Liver Failure
Arora V, et al.
Hepatology1 Feb 2020Landmark study
Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Sort P, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine5 Aug 1999Landmark study

Infection and sepsis

A Randomized Trial of Albumin Infusions in Hospitalized Patients with Cirrhosis
China L, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine4 Mar 2021Landmark study
Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Sort P, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine5 Aug 1999Landmark study
Epidemiology and Effects of Bacterial Infections in Patients With Cirrhosis Worldwide
Piano S, et al.
Gastroenterology1 Apr 2019Original research
Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and with acute-on-chronic liver failure in Europe
Fernández J, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Mar 2019Original research

Portal hypertension and variceal bleeding

The prognostic role of hepatic venous pressure gradient in cirrhotic patients undergoing elective extrahepatic surgery
Reverter E, Cirera I, Albillos A, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Nov 2019Landmark study
AASLD Practice Guidance on risk stratification and management of portal hypertension and varices in cirrhosis
Kaplan DE, et al.
Hepatology1 May 2024Guideline or consensus
β blockers to prevent decompensation of cirrhosis in patients with clinically significant portal hypertension (PREDESCI): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial
Villanueva C, et al.
The Lancet20 Apr 2019Landmark study
Esophageal balloon tamponade versus esophageal stent in controlling acute refractory variceal bleeding: A multicenter randomized, controlled trial
Escorsell A, et al.
Hepatology1 Jun 2016Landmark study
Baveno VIII – Advancing Consensus in Portal Hypertension
Baveno VIII Faculty
Journal of Hepatology19 Aug 2026Guideline or consensus
Early use of TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding
García-Pagán JC, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine24 Jun 2010Landmark study
Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Villanueva C, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine3 Jan 2013Landmark study

Haemostasis and thrombosis

Thrombelastography-guided blood product use before invasive procedures in cirrhosis with severe coagulopathy: A randomized, controlled trial
De Pietri L, et al.
Hepatology1 Feb 2016Landmark study
Rebalanced hemostasis in patients with liver disease: evidence and clinical consequences
Lisman T, Porte RJ
Blood12 Aug 2010Review

Transplantation and peri-transplant care

A global consensus on the critical care management of acute-on-chronic liver failure patients: the APASL ACLF Beijing Position Paper
Chen T, Choudhury A, Liu W, et al.; APASL-ACLF Research Consortium
Hepatology International30 Jul 2026Guideline or consensus
Improving outcomes in donation after circulatory death vs. donation after brain death liver transplantation for acute-on-chronic liver failure
Yao YY, Wen T, Tjandra NW, Lau K, Lin YC, Chen X, Chahal D
Transplant International21 Aug 2026Original research
Therapeutic plasma exchange improves short-term survival in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure: a randomized controlled trial
Swaroop S, Biswas S, Aggarwal A, et al.
Hepatology30 Mar 2026Original research
MELD 3.0: The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Updated for the Modern Era
Kim WR, et al.
Gastroenterology1 Dec 2021Landmark study
Outcomes of Early Liver Transplantation for Patients With Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis
Lee BP, et al.
Gastroenterology1 Aug 2018Landmark study
Factors Associated with Survival of Patients With Severe Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure Before and After Liver Transplantation
Sundaram V, et al.
Gastroenterology1 Apr 2019Original research
Liver transplantation for critically ill cirrhotic patients: Stratifying utility based on pretransplant factors
Artzner T, et al.
American Journal of Transplantation1 Sept 2020Original research
Acute Liver Failure Guidelines
Shingina A, et al.
American Journal of Gastroenterology1 Jul 2023Guideline or consensus
EASL Clinical Practical Guidelines on the management of acute (fulminant) liver failure
European Association for the Study of the Liver
Journal of Hepatology1 May 2017Guideline or consensus
Liver transplantation in the most severely ill cirrhotic patients: A multicenter study in acute-on-chronic liver failure grade 3
Artru F, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Oct 2017Landmark study
Liver transplantation for patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) in Europe: Results of the ELITA/EF-CLIF collaborative study (ECLIS)
Belli LS, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Sept 2021Landmark study
Early liver transplantation for severe alcoholic hepatitis
Mathurin P, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine10 Nov 2011Landmark study
A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease
Kamath PS, et al.
Hepatology1 Feb 2001Landmark study
Elective liver transplant list mortality: development of a United Kingdom end-stage liver disease score
Barber K, et al.
Transplantation27 Aug 2011Landmark study

Organ support and extracorporeal therapies

A global consensus on the critical care management of acute-on-chronic liver failure patients: the APASL ACLF Beijing Position Paper
Chen T, Choudhury A, Liu W, et al.; APASL-ACLF Research Consortium
Hepatology International30 Jul 2026Guideline or consensus
Therapeutic plasma exchange improves short-term survival in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure: a randomized controlled trial
Swaroop S, Biswas S, Aggarwal A, et al.
Hepatology30 Mar 2026Original research
β blockers to prevent decompensation of cirrhosis in patients with clinically significant portal hypertension (PREDESCI): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial
Villanueva C, et al.
The Lancet20 Apr 2019Landmark study
Acute Liver Failure Guidelines
Shingina A, et al.
American Journal of Gastroenterology1 Jul 2023Guideline or consensus
High-volume plasma exchange in patients with acute liver failure: An open randomised controlled trial
Larsen FS, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Jan 2016Landmark study
AASLD Practice Guidance on Acute-on-chronic liver failure and the management of critically ill patients with cirrhosis
Karvellas CJ, et al.
Hepatology1 Jun 2024Guideline or consensus
A Randomized Trial of Albumin Infusions in Hospitalized Patients with Cirrhosis
China L, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine4 Mar 2021Landmark study
Extracorporeal albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system in acute-on-chronic liver failure: the RELIEF trial
Bañares R, et al.
Hepatology1 Mar 2013Landmark study
Effects of fractionated plasma separation and adsorption on survival in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure
Kribben A, et al.
Gastroenterology1 Apr 2012Landmark study
Continuous renal replacement therapy is associated with reduced serum ammonia levels and mortality in acute liver failure
Cardoso FS, et al.
Hepatology1 Feb 2018Original research
Terlipressin plus Albumin for the Treatment of Type 1 Hepatorenal Syndrome
Wong F, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine4 Mar 2021Landmark study
Terlipressin Is Superior to Noradrenaline in the Management of Acute Kidney Injury in Acute on Chronic Liver Failure
Arora V, et al.
Hepatology1 Feb 2020Landmark study
Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Sort P, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine5 Aug 1999Landmark study
Validation of CLIF-C ACLF score to define a threshold for futility of intensive care support for patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure
Engelmann C, et al.
Critical Care10 Oct 2018Original research

Prognostication and ICU decision-making

Risk factors for mortality after surgery in patients with cirrhosis
Teh SH, Nagorney DM, Stevens SR, et al.
Gastroenterology1 Apr 2007Landmark study
Risk Prediction Models for Post-Operative Mortality in Patients With Cirrhosis
Mahmud N, Fricker Z, Hubbard RA, et al.
Hepatology1 Jan 2021Landmark study
The prognostic role of hepatic venous pressure gradient in cirrhotic patients undergoing elective extrahepatic surgery
Reverter E, Cirera I, Albillos A, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Nov 2019Landmark study
External Validation of the VOCAL-Penn Cirrhosis Surgical Risk Score in 2 Large, Independent Health Systems
Mahmud N, Fricker Z, Panchal S, et al.
Liver Transplantation1 Jul 2021Original research
Development and validation of the A-TANGO organ failure score for acute-on-chronic liver failure in global cohorts
Engelmann C, Verma N, Qi T, et al.
Journal of Hepatology20 Feb 2026Original research
MELD 3.0: The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Updated for the Modern Era
Kim WR, et al.
Gastroenterology1 Dec 2021Landmark study
Factors Associated with Survival of Patients With Severe Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure Before and After Liver Transplantation
Sundaram V, et al.
Gastroenterology1 Apr 2019Original research
Arterial ammonia and clinical risk factors for encephalopathy and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure
Bernal W, et al.
Hepatology1 Dec 2007Landmark study
Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL): an update
Sarin SK, et al.
Hepatology International1 Jul 2019Guideline or consensus
Clinical Course of acute-on-chronic liver failure syndrome and effects on prognosis
Gustot T, et al.
Hepatology1 Jul 2015Landmark study
Liver transplantation for critically ill cirrhotic patients: Stratifying utility based on pretransplant factors
Artzner T, et al.
American Journal of Transplantation1 Sept 2020Original research
Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis
Moreau R, et al.
Gastroenterology1 Jun 2013Landmark study
The PREDICT study uncovers three clinical courses of acutely decompensated cirrhosis that have distinct pathophysiology
Trebicka J, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Oct 2020Landmark study
Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure
O'Grady JG, et al.
Gastroenterology1 Aug 1989Landmark study
Liver transplantation in the most severely ill cirrhotic patients: A multicenter study in acute-on-chronic liver failure grade 3
Artru F, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Oct 2017Landmark study
Liver transplantation for patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) in Europe: Results of the ELITA/EF-CLIF collaborative study (ECLIS)
Belli LS, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Sept 2021Landmark study
Posthepatectomy liver failure: a definition and grading by the International Study Group of Liver Surgery (ISGLS)
Rahbari NN, et al.
Surgery1 May 2011Guideline or consensus
The "50-50 criteria" on postoperative day 5: an accurate predictor of liver failure and death after hepatectomy
Balzan S, et al.
Annals of Surgery1 Dec 2005Landmark study
Hepatic insufficiency and mortality in 1,059 noncirrhotic patients undergoing major hepatectomy
Mullen JT, et al.
Journal of the American College of Surgeons1 May 2007Landmark study
A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease
Kamath PS, et al.
Hepatology1 Feb 2001Landmark study
Development and validation of a prognostic score to predict mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure
Jalan R, et al.
Journal of Hepatology1 Nov 2014Landmark study
The Royal Free Hospital score: a calibrated prognostic model for patients with cirrhosis admitted to intensive care unit. Comparison with current models and CLIF-SOFA score
Theocharidou E, et al.
American Journal of Gastroenterology1 Apr 2014Landmark study
Elective liver transplant list mortality: development of a United Kingdom end-stage liver disease score
Barber K, et al.
Transplantation27 Aug 2011Landmark study
Validation of CLIF-C ACLF score to define a threshold for futility of intensive care support for patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure
Engelmann C, et al.
Critical Care10 Oct 2018Original research
The Lille model: a new tool for therapeutic strategy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with steroids
Louvet A, et al.
Hepatology1 Jun 2007Landmark study